https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/ 2026-04-17T09:58:51+00:00 https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/ https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/lib/tpl/arctic/images/favicon.ico text/html 2024-12-09T20:51:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/authors?rev=1733770294&do=diff Authors IOT-OPEN.EU Reloaded Consortium partners proudly present the Advanced IoT Systems book. The complete list of contributors is juxtaposed below. Riga Technical University * Agris Nikitenko, Ph. D., Eng. * Karlis Berkolds, M. sc., Eng. * text/html 2025-05-17T12:12:04+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/blockchain_network_structures_and_technologies?rev=1747473124&do=diff Blockchain Network Structures and Technologies Transactions Blockchain technology uses two main types of cryptographic keys to provide the security of transactions and data: public keys and private keys. These keys work together to protect the integrity of the blockchain, enabling secure exchanges of digital records and protecting user identities. Consider the example of a mailbox. The public key is your email ID, which everyone knows about and can send you messages. The private key, on the ot… text/html 2025-05-17T12:18:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/blockchain?rev=1747473524&do=diff Blockchain This chapter delves into blockchain technology. While often associated with cryptocurrency, blockchain is a flexible framework for securely storing, sharing, and protecting data across diverse domains. The chapter explores blockchain applications beyond financial transactions, widening readers' view of the technology and potential markets. text/html 2024-12-10T23:38:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/classification_models?rev=1733866697&do=diff Decision Tree-based Classification Models Introduction Classification assigns a class mark to a given object, indicating that the object belongs to the selected class or group. In contrast to clustering, classes should be pre-existent. In many cases, clustering might be a prior step to classification. Classification might be slightly understood differently in different contexts. However, in the context of this book, it will be used to describe a process of assigning marks of pre-existing class… text/html 2024-12-10T23:34:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/clustering_models?rev=1733866498&do=diff Clustering Models Introduction Clustering is a methodology that belongs to the class of unsupervised machine learning. It allows for finding regularities in data when the group or class identifier or marker is absent. To do this, the data structure is used as a tool to find the regularities. Because of this powerful feature, clustering is often used as part of data analysis workflow prior to classification or other data analysis steps to find natural regularities or groups that may exist in da… text/html 2024-12-30T14:27:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/curriculum?rev=1735561650&do=diff IOT-OPEN.EU - The Curriculum Current version of PDF Book Generate new PDF book! Curriculum ToDo list * Project Information * Introduction * IOT-OPEN.EU Reloaded Overview Bachelor-level module (E) * Module: Introduction to IoT (E1-4) Master level modules (M) * Module: IoT Design Methodologies (M1) * Module: IoT Architectures, inc. Networks (M2) * Module: IoT Data Analysis (M3) * Module: IoT Security (M4) * Module: Blockchain in IoT (M5) * Module: IoT Green Design (M6… text/html 2025-05-13T18:01:39+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/cybersecurity_concepts?rev=1747148499&do=diff Cybersecurity Concepts IoT designers and engineers need to understand cybersecurity concepts. This will help them understand the various attacks that can be conducted against IoT devices and how to implement security mechanisms to protect them against cyber attacks. This section discusses some cybersecurity concepts required to understand IoT security. text/html 2025-05-13T18:03:16+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/cybersecurity_in_iot_systems?rev=1747148596&do=diff IoT Security IoT systems and services are widely adopted in various industries, such as health care, agriculture, smart manufacturing, smart energy systems, intelligent transport systems, logistics (supply chain management), smart homes, smart cities, and security and safety. The primary goal of incorporating IoT into existing systems in various industries is to improve productivity and efficiency. Despite the enormous advantages of integrating IoT into existing systems in multiple sectors, inc… text/html 2024-12-10T23:50:38+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/cybersecurity_issues_and_threats_in_iot_systems?rev=1733867438&do=diff IoT Attack Vectors In this section, we discuss the concept of IoT attack vectors, attack surfaces, and threat vectors to clarify the difference between these cybersecurity terms, which are often used interchangeably. We discuss some IoT attack vectors that should be considered when designing cybersecurity strategies for IoT networks and systems. We also discuss some strategies that can be used to eliminate or mitigate the risk posed by IoT attack vectors. text/html 2025-05-17T12:06:13+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/data_preparation_for_data_analysis?rev=1747472773&do=diff Data Preparation for Data Analysis Introduction In most cases, data must be prepared before analysing or applying some processing methods. There might be different reasons for this, such as missing values, sensor malfunctioning, different time scales, different units, the specific format needed for a given method or algorithm, and many more. Therefore, data preparation is as necessary as the analysis itself. While data preparation is usually particular to a given problem, some standard general… text/html 2024-12-10T23:26:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/data_products_development?rev=1733866008&do=diff Data Products Development In the previous chapter, some essential properties of Big Data systems have been discussed and how and why IoT systems relate to Big Data problems. In any IoT implementation, data processing is the system's heart, which at least transforms into a data product. While it is still mainly a software subsystem, its development differs significantly from that of a regular software product. The difference is expressed through the roles involved and the lifecycle itself. It is… text/html 2024-12-10T22:44:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/dbscan?rev=1733863466&do=diff DBSCAN DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) employs density measures to mark points in high-density regions and those in low-density regions – the noise. Because of this natural behaviour of the algorithm, it is particularly useful in signal processing and similar application domains. text/html 2024-12-10T23:39:02+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/decision_trees?rev=1733866742&do=diff Decision Trees Decision trees are the most commonly used base technique in classifications. To describe the idea of the decision trees, a simple data set might be considered, as presented in figure : [ Classification Problem Example] In this dataset, xn indicates the n-th observation; each column refers to a particular factor, while the last column, text/html 2024-04-11T13:14:52+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/description?rev=1712830492&do=diff IOT-OPEN.EU Reloaded Overview IOT-OPEN.EU Reloaded project delivers comprehensive Internet of Things (IoT) learning and teaching materials for various stakeholders and use cases. IoT contents have been organised into modules and are available in various forms: text/html 2025-05-13T18:24:31+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/design_consideration_for_energy_sources_for_iot_devices?rev=1747149871&do=diff Design Consideration for Energy Sources for IoT Devices Choosing an appropriate energy source for IoT systems is critical to ensuring reliability, efficiency, and sustainability. These considerations are guided by the diverse requirements of IoT devices and their deployment scenarios. Below, we expand on key design aspects (figure text/html 2023-08-22T16:13:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/design_considerations_for_the_energy_sources_of_iot_systems?rev=1692710010&do=diff Energy-efficient design considerations for IoT systems Scalability Minimum maintenance Mobility Minimum maintenance Flexibility Efficiency Minimum cost sustainability Green and environmentally friendly text/html 2023-08-22T16:46:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/energy_harvesting_for_iot_systems?rev=1692711990&do=diff Energy harvesting for IoT systems Energy harvesting systems Energy harvesting for edge class systems Energy energy harvesting for fog/cloud class systems text/html 2025-05-13T18:15:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/energy_sources_for_iot_systems?rev=1747149346&do=diff Energy Sources for IoT The electrical and electronic devices in IoT infrastructure require electrical energy to operate. The energy requirements of the device depend on its size, computing or processing requirements, traffic load, and other mechanical and electrical loads that need to be handled, especially in IoT applications where the feedback commands from fog/cloud computing platforms are used to control a physical process or system through actuators. The main power sources for IoT devices … text/html 2023-08-25T16:54:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/energy-efficient_design_considerations_for_iot_systems?rev=1692971670&do=diff Energy-efficient design considerations for IoT systems Energy-efficient mechanisms for Green IoT Sleep modes Energy saving regimes Low power computing resources Low power communication Energy-efficient security mechanisms Selection of energy efficient hardware text/html 2024-12-09T13:51:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/expanded_application_of_blockchain_technology?rev=1733745083&do=diff Expanded Application of Blockchain Blockchain technology has evolved far beyond its origins in cryptocurrency, finding applications across various industries. Here are some expanded applications of blockchain: * Supply Chain Management: Blockchain enables real-time tracking of goods, ensuring transparency and verifying the authenticity of products. This potentially allows the reduction of counterfeit goods by securely recording the origin and movement of items. Smart contracts, in this regar… text/html 2025-05-13T18:17:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/green_iot_applications?rev=1747149446&do=diff Green IoT Applications Green IoT applications leverage energy-efficient and sustainable technologies to address critical challenges in various domains. By optimising resources, reducing energy consumption, and integrating renewable energy sources, these applications contribute to environmental sustainability while enhancing efficiency and performance. The list of selected Green IoT Applications and their features is discussed below (figure text/html 2025-05-13T13:47:26+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/green_iot_design_tradeoffs?rev=1747133246&do=diff Green IoT Design Trade-offs Balancing various design criteria is critical to achieving optimal performance while minimising environmental impact in designing and implementing IoT devices and infrastructures. The concept of Green IoT (G-IoT) emphasises designing IoT systems that are energy-efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, addressing the growing concern about the ecological footprint of IoT technologies. However, achieving these goals often involves trade-offs between competi… text/html 2024-12-05T17:01:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/green_iot_design?rev=1733410890&do=diff Green IoT Design Green IoT design is a paradigm based on a holistic IoT design framework that focuses on maintaining a balanced trade-off between the functional requirements, Quality of Service (QoS), interoperability, cost, security, and sustainability within the IoT ecosystem. It emphasises the need to prioritise energy efficiency and the reduction of waste in the IoT ecosystem by manufacturing IoT devices, deploying IoT systems, and operating IoT systems. text/html 2025-05-13T18:23:40+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/green_iot_energy-efficient_design_and_mechanisms?rev=1747149820&do=diff Green IoT Energy-Efficient Design and Mechanisms As IoT is adopted to address problems in the various sectors of society or economy, the energy demand for IoT is increasing rapidly and is following an exponential trend. As the number of IoT devices increases, the amount of traffic created by IoT devices increases, increasing the energy demand of the core networks that are used to transport the IoT traffic and also increasing the energy demand of data centres that are used to analyse the massive… text/html 2025-05-13T18:21:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/green_iot?rev=1747149704&do=diff Green IoT Green IoT (G-IoT) is the adoption of energy-efficient procedures (hardware, software, communication, or management) and waste reduction methods (energy harvesting and recycling of e-waste) to conserve resources and reduce waste (including pollutants like carbon dioxide) produced by the IoT ecosystem from the design, manufacturing, deployment and operation of IoT systems from the IoT devices to IoT cloud computing data centres. Green IoT is an emerging field within the IoT ecosystem th… text/html 2024-12-10T23:44:10+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/hardware_and_cybersecurity?rev=1733867050&do=diff IoT Hardware and Cybersecurity A typical IoT architecture consists of the physical layer, which consists of IoT sensors and actuators, which may be connected in the form of a star, linear, mesh, or tree network topology. The IoT devices can process the data collected by the IoT sensors at the physical layer or send it to the fog/cloud computing layers for analysis through IoT access and Internet core networks. The Fog/cloud computing nodes perform lightweight or advanced analytics on the data, … text/html 2024-12-03T20:07:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/hints_for_further_readings_on_ai?rev=1733249242&do=diff Hints for Further Readings on AI This chapter has covered some of the most widely used data analysis methods applicable in sensor data analysis, which might be typical for IoT systems. However, it is only the surface of the exciting world of data analytics and AI. The authors suggest the following online resources besides the well-known online learning platforms to dive into this world. text/html 2024-12-10T23:01:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/industrial_iot_systems?rev=1733864483&do=diff Industrial IoT Specific Design Considerations IoT is a key technology enabler for Industry 4.0 and is increasingly being implemented in manufacturing. This subset of IoT, known as Industrial IoT (IIoT), integrates IoT functionality into industrial settings. While new production systems often come with IoT capabilities by default, many manufacturing companies still rely on legacy equipment that can be upgraded using IoT solutions. Upgrading existing machinery is especially important, as manufact… text/html 2025-05-13T17:59:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/introduction_to_time_series_analysis?rev=1747148370&do=diff Introduction to Time Series Analysis As discussed in the data preparation chapter, time series usually represent the dynamics of some process. Therefore, the order of the data entries has to be preserved. As emphasised, a time series is simply a set of data—usually events—arranged by a time marker. Typically, time series are placed in the order in which events occur/are recorded. text/html 2025-05-13T11:15:07+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/introduction?rev=1747124107&do=diff Introduction For now (2024-2025), we have experienced rapid growth in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain, as expressed by the number of scientific publications, the market volume, and other indicators, suggesting that IoT is here to stay. IoT is one of the top priorities in Horizon Europe’s Research and Innovation strategic plan, which, among different Thematic areas, recognizes IoT as one of the most important under the Technology thematic group text/html 2024-12-10T23:12:18+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_architectures?rev=1733865138&do=diff IoT Architectures Due to the rapid development of communication technologies and novel data transmission carriers and protocols, IoT systems have emerged from the world of wireless sensor networks. These networks have already shown flexibility and resilience in different application domains, including healthcare, manufacturing, domestic services, etc. While IoT systems applications shift toward more data-intensive applications, their technical solutions and architectures are still essential to … text/html 2025-05-13T13:41:49+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_communication_and_networking_technologies?rev=1747132909&do=diff IoT Communication and Networking Technologies The backbone of the Internet of Things lies in its communication and networking technologies, which enable the seamless interconnection of devices and facilitate data exchange across networks. These technologies are fundamental to the functioning of IoT systems and are tailored to meet various needs, including scalability, energy efficiency, cost, and performance. They can be broadly categorised into network access technologies, networking technolog… text/html 2025-05-13T13:45:33+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_cybersecurity_challenges?rev=1747133133&do=diff IoT Cybersecurity Challenges The security of computer systems and networks has garnered significant attention in recent years, driven by malicious attackers' ongoing exploitation of these systems, which leads to service disruptions. The increasing prevalence of known and unknown vulnerabilities has made designing and implementing effective security mechanisms increasingly complex and challenging. This section discusses the challenges and complexities of IoT cybersecurity systems. text/html 2025-05-17T11:56:45+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_data_analysis?rev=1747472205&do=diff IoT Data Analysis IoT systems are built to provide better insights into different processes and systems to make better decisions. The insights are provided by measuring the statuses of the systems or process elements represented by data. Unfortunately, the bits and bytes become useless without adequately interpreting the data content. Therefore, providing a means for understanding data is an essential property of a modern IoT system. Today, IoT systems produce a vast amount of data, which is v… text/html 2025-05-13T18:10:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_database_security?rev=1747149022&do=diff IoT Data Storage Security The proliferation of the Internet of Things has revolutionised industries by enabling data collection, transmission, and analysis from billions of interconnected devices. However, this rapid adoption has also introduced significant security challenges, particularly concerning the storage and management of IoT data in databases. IoT database security protects sensitive data collected from IoT devices, ensuring its integrity, availability, and confidentiality. text/html 2025-05-13T11:22:22+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_design_methodologies?rev=1747124542&do=diff IoT Design Methodologies IoT systems are networked cyber-physical systems (CPS) and include components from three main domains: the hardware, primarily electromechanical devices; software, mostly microcontroller-specific process control software; and communication infrastructure. To develop an IoT solution, all aspects of these three domains must be designed in great synergy. When looking at the component level, the main building block of the IoT system is a node. The node is usually a microcon… text/html 2023-08-24T09:51:30+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_green_design?rev=1692859890&do=diff Green IoT Design Green IoT design is an IoT design paradigm based on a holistic IoT design framework that focuses on maintaining a balanced trade-off between the functional requirements, Quality of Service (QoS), interoperability, Cost, security, and sustainability within the IoT ecosystem. It emphasises the need to prioritise energy efficiency and the reduction of waste in the IoT ecosystem from manufacturing IoT devices, deployment of IoT systems and operation of IoT systems. text/html 2025-05-13T17:51:15+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_network_components?rev=1747147875&do=diff Components of IoT Network Architectures IoT Network Architecture is composed of a variety of layers, including Edge-class IoT devices such as sensors and actuators, access points enabling devices to connect to the Internet and services, fog-class devices performing preliminary data processing such as aggregation and conversion, core Internet network and finally a set of cloud services for data storage and advanced data processing. A sample model is present in figure text/html 2025-05-13T13:40:05+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_network_design_consideration_and_challenges?rev=1747132805&do=diff IoT Network Design Consideration and Challenges Designing an Internet of Things network requires tackling an intricate mix of technical, operational, and economic factors. These challenges stem from the diverse requirements and constraints of IoT applications. It is essential to consider these factors and challenges when designing IoT networks. Below is a brief discussion of these factors and challenges, also listed in the figure text/html 2025-05-13T17:49:46+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_network_design_methodologies?rev=1747147786&do=diff IoT Network Design Methodologies Designing a network for the Internet of Things requires a strategic approach integrating scalability, security, efficiency, and interoperability. IoT network design methodologies revolve around creating robust, flexible, and efficient networks supporting diverse devices, applications, and services. These methodologies emphasise handling large volumes of data, ensuring real-time communication, and maintaining high levels of security and reliability. This section … text/html 2025-05-13T13:43:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_network_design_tools?rev=1747132992&do=diff IoT Network Design Tools The design of a robust IoT network is fundamental to the success of any IoT project. A well-architected network ensures reliable communication between IoT devices, minimises latency, optimises power consumption, and enables efficient data transfer. However, building an IoT network is complex, requiring the integration of various technologies, protocols, and platforms. IoT network design tools assist in modelling, simulating, and managing the networks interconnecting the… text/html 2025-01-05T20:17:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_network_topologies?rev=1736101054&do=diff IoT Network Topologies IoT networks are structured networks in which nodes are organised according to a defined hierarchy. An IoT network topology is a given arrangement or configuration of IoT devices to form an IoT network. IoT network topology refers to the structural layout of devices (nodes) in an IoT network, shaping how devices communicate and how data flows between them. The choice of topology significantly impacts the network’s performance, reliability, scalability, and cost. Below is… text/html 2025-05-13T17:53:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_networks?rev=1747148036&do=diff IoT Networks An IoT network comprises interconnected IoT nodes, including sensors, actuators, and fog nodes. Each IoT node typically includes several key components: a power supply system, a processing unit (such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, or specialised hardware like digital signal processors), communication units (including radio, Ethernet, or optical interfaces), and additional electronic elements (e.g., sensors, actuators, and cooling mechanisms). These components work in unison … text/html 2025-01-04T16:42:58+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_reference_architecture?rev=1736001778&do=diff IoT Reference Architectures This chapter focuses on the architectural design of IoT networks and systems. It leverages the well-known four-layered IoT reference architecture shown in figure to discuss the methodologies and tools for the design of IoT networks and systems. An IoT reference architecture is a strategic blueprint detailing the key components and their interactions within an IoT ecosystem. It offers a robust framework for designing, developing, and deploying effective IoT solution… text/html 2025-05-13T13:33:48+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_system_design_challenges?rev=1747132428&do=diff IoT System Design Challenges The Internet of Things transforms industries, lifestyles, and economies by enabling interconnected devices to collect, share, and act on data. However, its rapid expansion is accompanied by significant technical, economic, and societal challenges. Below, we delve deeper into these issues, exploring their nuances and potential mitigation strategies (figure text/html 2025-05-13T11:19:11+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_system_design_goals?rev=1747124351&do=diff IoT System Design Goals Internet of Things systems represent a convergence of hardware, software, and networking technologies to create seamless, intelligent solutions for various applications. To achieve their full potential, IoT systems must be designed with clear and comprehensive goals that ensure robustness, user-friendliness, scalability, and security. Here’s a detailed exploration of the primary design goals for IoT systems (figure text/html 2025-05-17T11:45:21+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_system_design_principles?rev=1747471521&do=diff IoT System Design Principles It is expected that billions or trillions of IoT devices will be deployed in the various sectors of the society or economy (e.g., intelligent transport systems, smart health care, smart manufacturing, smart homes, smart cities, smart agriculture, and smart energy) to deliver better customer experience, provide more value to the market, and to solve significant problems such as climate change, national security, and public safety. Integrating massive numbers of IoT n… text/html 2025-05-13T17:45:47+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/iot_systems_architectures?rev=1747147547&do=diff IoT System Architectures IoT vs Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) People often think of IoT systems as WSN systems (figure ), which is usually a close but inaccurate concept. There are several distinctive features of WSNs among other systems: * Wireless: text/html 2024-12-10T23:36:45+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/k_means?rev=1733866605&do=diff K-Means The first method discussed here is one of the most commonly used – K-means. K-means clustering is a method that splits the initial set of points (objects) into groups, using distance measure, representing a distance from the given point of the group to the group's centre representing a group's prototype: centroid. The result of the clustering is N points grouped into K clusters, where each point has assigned a cluster index, which means that the distance from the point of the cluster ce… text/html 2024-12-09T13:48:39+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/key_concepts_of_blockchain_technology?rev=1733744919&do=diff Key Concepts of Blockchain This chapter will explore how blockchain technology can be applied in various fields. While we will primarily use examples related to financial transaction processing, it's essential to understand that blockchain's potential is not limited to this area. This technology offers a flexible framework for implementing decentralised solutions to securely store, share, and protect data across multiple domains. text/html 2025-05-17T11:35:37+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/preface?rev=1747470937&do=diff Preface This book is intended to provide readers with a comprehensive knowledge of IoT systems design on a conceptual level. It covers IoT design methodologies, IoT system architectures, IoT data-related aspects, cybersecurity in IoT systems, blockchain in IoT and green IoT. Almost every top-level chapter of the book constitutes a separate study module related to a selected aspect of the IoT system design so that this book can be treated as a set of separate guides as well as a solid and comp… text/html 2024-09-25T15:47:17+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/preprocessing?rev=1727268437&do=diff Data preprocessing in clustering [General audience classification icon][General audience classification icon][General audience classification icon] Before starting clustering several important steps have to be performed: * Check if the used data is metric: In clustering, the primary measure is Euclidian distance (in most cases), which requires numeric data. While it is possible to encode some arbitrary data using numerical values, they must maintain the semantics of numbers, i.e. 1 < 2 < 3… text/html 2025-10-27T16:56:34+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/project_information?rev=1761576994&do=diff Project Information This Book was implemented under the wings of the following project: * Cooperation Partnerships in Higher Education, 2022, IOT-OPEN.EU Reloaded: Education-based strengthening of the European universities, companies and labour force in the global IoT market, project number: 2022-1-PL01-KA220-HED-000085090, text/html 2025-10-13T15:20:20+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/publications?rev=1760358020&do=diff IoT.Open.eu Reloaded * IOT-OPEN.EU - The Curriculum * IOT-OPEN.EU - The Green Book - Advanced IoT Systems * IOT-OPEN.EU - The Yellow Book 2nd ed. - VREL NextGen Laboratory Guide text/html 2024-12-10T23:39:41+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/random_forests?rev=1733866781&do=diff Random Forests Random forests <https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~breiman/RandomForests/cc_home.htm#intro>|Random forests are among the best out-of-the-box methods highly valued by developers and data scientists. For a better understanding of the process, an imaginary weather forecast problem might be considered, represented by the following true decision tree (figure text/html 2024-12-10T23:33:12+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/regression_models?rev=1733866392&do=diff Regression Models Introduction While AI and especially Deep Learning techniques have advanced tremendously, the fundamental data analysis methods still provide a good and, in most cases, efficient way of solving many data analysis problems. Linear regression is one of those methods that provide at least a good starting point to have an informative and insightful understanding of the data. Linear regression models are relatively simple and do not require significant computing power in most case… text/html 2025-05-17T12:17:39+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/second_generation_applications?rev=1747473459&do=diff Second Generation Applications While first-generation blockchain applications, such as Bitcoin, primarily focused on decentralised digital currencies, second-generation blockchain applications introduced more sophisticated functionalities. These advancements allowed for broader use cases beyond simple peer-to-peer transactions, laying the groundwork for smart contracts, decentralised applications (dApps), and improved scalability. Enhanced programmability, consensus mechanisms, and adaptability… text/html 2024-12-10T23:11:38+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/systems_modelling_using_sysml?rev=1733865098&do=diff System Modelling Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a systems engineering approach that prioritises using models throughout the system development lifecycle. Unlike traditional document-based methods, MBSE focuses on developing and using various models to depict different facets of a system, including its requirements, behaviour, structure, and interactions. text/html 2025-05-13T17:08:52+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/systems_thinking_and_design_of_iot_systems?rev=1747145332&do=diff IoT System Design Methodologies The need for system-based IoT design methods The Internet of Things is still in its formative phase, presenting a critical window of opportunity to design and implement IoT systems that are scalable, cost-effective, energy-efficient, and secure. These systems must be developed to deliver acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) while meeting essential requirements such as interoperability and seamless integration across different devices and platforms. text/html 2025-10-13T15:39:23+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/toc?rev=1760359163&do=diff IOT-OPEN.EU - The Green Book - Advanced IoT Systems Current version of PDF Book. Common terms Versions * Authors * Preface * Project Information * Introduction * IoT Design Methodologies * IoT System Design Principles * IoT System Design Goals * IoT System Design Challenges * IoT System Design Methodologies * Industrial IoT Specific Design Considerations * System Modelling * IoT Architectures * IoT Reference Architectures * Components of IoT Network Archi… text/html 2023-10-18T15:19:51+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/todo?rev=1697631591&do=diff ToDo list for a green book text/html 2025-05-13T18:08:38+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/typical_attack_patterns_on_iot_systems?rev=1747148918&do=diff IoT Security Technologies In the previous sections of this chapter, we discussed the various IoT vulnerabilities, cybersecurity attacks, and attack vectors and the various best practices to address these vulnerabilities, threats, and attack vectors. This section presents the various IoT security technologies and a general methodology for securing IoT networks and systems. text/html 2024-11-29T14:19:24+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/versions?rev=1732882764&do=diff Versions This page keeps track of the content reviews and versions done as a continuous maintenance process Version Update Date Content updates summary Other comments 1 v 0.1 08.08.2023 ToC created text/html 2024-12-10T23:47:38+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.robolabor.ee/homelab/en/iot-reloaded/vulnerabilities_in_iot_systems?rev=1733867258&do=diff Vulnerabilities in IoT Systems In order to secure IoT systems to data confidentiality, privacy, and integrity, it is important to understand the various vulnerabilities or security weaknesses of IoT systems that cybercriminals can exploit. Most of the security vulnerabilities of IoT are found at the physical layer of the IoT reference architecture, which consists of the IoT devices. As discussed in the previous sections, IoT devices have limited computing and communication resources, making it …